Rosatom, the state owned enterprise that operates the BN-600 fast reactor that is in commercial service, says it has submitted the paperwork needed to support a request to extend the reactor’s life from 2025 to 2040 at which point it would be 60 years old. They must operate at a speed fast enough to overcome a peak end of life xenon transient following a reactor shutdown to prevent a xenon precluded startup. The new "Versatile Test Reactor" (VTR) will "drastically” accelerate the testing, development and qualification of advanced reactor technologies, the DOE said. California utilities seek fast reactor dismantling, regulation to control costs Reuters Events is part of Reuters News & Media Ltd, 5 Canada Square, Canary Wharf, London, E14 5AQ. Operation of the Phenix prototype fast reactor has resulted in 35 years of experience in controlling fast reactors. In thermal reactors, which comprise the bulk of the world’s nuclear power fleet, the fission neutrons are slowed down to low (thermal) energies by collisions with light atoms within the reactor—hydrogen in the water in water-cooled reactors, deuterium in heavy water in h… endstream endobj 111 0 obj<> endobj 112 0 obj<> endobj 113 0 obj<> endobj 114 0 obj<> endobj 115 0 obj<> endobj 116 0 obj<> endobj 117 0 obj<>stream Reactor fuels, coolant circuits, steam plants, and control systems are also discussed. This conversion from "fertile" to "fissionable" material significantly improves nuclear fuel efficiency. Last month, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) launched a project to build the U.S.' first fast neutron reactor in over 20 years. (Image provided by OAO I.I. Ans: a. 106 0 obj<>stream development of fast reactors and efficient re-processing technologies. Hydrogen is preferred as better coolant in comparison to C02 because former (a) is lighter (b) is inert (c) has high specific heat Full Record; Other Related Research; Authors: Gray, W. J. While traditional reactors contain moderators to slow down neutrons after they’re emitted, fast reactors keep their neutrons moving quickly (hence the name). startxref In short, they offer significant benefits in making nuclear energy production more sustainable. In LWRs the PNL increases with the fuel burnup. (1998). 0000004005 00000 n Status of control rod designs for fast reactors and experience with operation Significant experience, accumulated on absorber materials for fast reactor control rods, was presented at the meeting. Reactivity is positive when a reactor is supercritical, zero at criticality, and negative when the reactor is subcritical. Design features of the coolant circuit and reactor power control system are described. "The fast breeder technology has the potential to make the production of energy from uranium 100 times more efficient than with the existing thermal reactor, reducing the amount and toxicity of radioactive waste, as well as the heat emanating from the waste, and also shortening the waste's hazardous lifetime span," says Monti. Fast neutron reactors (FNRs) are a technological step beyond conventional power reactors, but are poised to become mainstream. Afrikantov OKB Mechanical Engineering). BS>The instrumentation for flux measurements in the Dounreay Fast Reactor is described. Preliminary survey of potential fast reactor control materials. -}��!n5�0)�!�$r��Mu�~�]ɉ����hǜ;m�dR�n�P�y��q�Ly����>_ܴ����U}�7@t� �b%8�9���S@�N$p�L"�Ud-�Ir���0�k�V"m�=�7��bo͞��nt��\ to�[��+mfA���[m;��h�v�����u�N�]VB�?�a��X ������w��Iй�����:����gײ붋�?w��\|V��g��2�]-VO�������8�q'���* �=�-s�gl�� In an infinite reactor (without escape) prompt neutron lifetime is the sum of the slowing down time and the diffusion time. General Atomics has also been developing its Energy Multiplier Module (EM2) small modular reactor design. A reactor capable of converting a ferrite material into fissile isotopes is called (a) regenerative reactor (b) fast breeder reactor (c) breeder reactor (d) boiling water reactor (e) ferrite reactor. 0000008177 00000 n Nuclear Technology: Vol. Experts expect that the first Generation IV fast reactor demonstration plants and prototypes will be in operation by 2030 to 2040. If you would like to learn more about the IAEAâs work, sign up for our weekly updates containing our most important news, multimedia and more. The jacket and reactor temperature relationship includes integrating dynamics, making controller tuning less intuitive than for self-regulating (e.g., flow) loops. Rapid-L Operator-Free Fast Reactor Concept Without Any Control Rods. As Argonne explains it, when an atom in a nuclear reactor “fissions”—or splits into several smaller fragments—neutrons are released at high energy (fast speeds). In this paper, two fast reactor systems are discussed – the sodium-cooled fast reactor, which has already been built and can be further improved, and the lead-cooled fast reactor that could be developed relatively soon. Using currently known uranium resources, "fast reactors operating in a closed fuel cycle would be able to provide energy for thousands of years as well as easing concerns about waste," says Stefano Monti, Team Leader for the IAEA's Fast Reactor Technology Development Section in … Since fast reactors "burn up" or consume material that would otherwise be considered "spent fuel", the total volume of nuclear material that needs to be handled as waste is reduced. Designed by the DOE’s Idaho National Laboratory (INL), the VTR will be a sodium-cooled Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100 The original operation of the unit had the water supply control valve on manual. Fast reactor operating personnel noted the reactor stability, ability of self-control using effective feedbacks, the stability of energy release distribution in time. Fast breeder technology was developed in the 1960s with demonstration and prototype reactors operating in a number of countries, including China, France, Germany, India, Japan, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States. They offer the prospect of vastly more efficient use of uranium resources and the ability to burn actinides which are otherwise the long-lived component of high-level nuclear waste. 0000002965 00000 n This is a key advantage of fast reactors, because fast reactors have a significant excess of neutrons (due to low parasitic absorbtion), unlike PWRs (or LWRs). The EM2 employs a 500 MWt, 265 MWe helium-cooled fast-neutron high-temperature reactor operating at 850 degrees Celsius. 2.1. 0000000576 00000 n As well, there will be a focus on engaging young people in innovative fast reactor and fuel-cycle development concepts. %PDF-1.4 %���� In Europe, a strategy and technological pathway for fast reactors includes the development of a sodium cooled fast reactor as a first track, aligned with Europe's prior experience, and two alternative fast reactor technologies to be explored on a longer timescale: lead cooled fast reactors and gas cooled fast reactors. x�b```a``jd`f`�7db@ !�r��;(?�Y�������e *�8��خ(��d�Z�,��h�:��'b�s2i,I^ͱ�Q���4��5�S�5�iJX��T�*&A)��J*��k �DR2�5]�5}RIL�fKXQ\;GGGCGG3����`��8�P���ett!��::�\SX�G�ב�Zx$-��,6�[,�j���?P! : That means the neutron moderator (slowing down) in such reactors is undesirable. A fast neutron reactor is a nuclear reactor in which the fission chain reaction is sustained by fast neutrons. 0000007138 00000 n The typical prompt neutron lifetime in fast reactors is on the order of 10-7 second. The Conference provides a forum for the exchange of information about such new developments. Registered in England and Wales: 2505735. This is a modified version of its Gas-Turbine Modular Helium Reactor (GT-MHR) design. The fuel is plutonium and uranium-mixed oxide, the reactor core enables breeding mainly by reaction of fast neutrons, and it has high power density and burn-up levels. Keynote addresses will be delivered by Laurent Michel, Director General of the French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy; Yukiya Amano, Director General, IAEA (by video); Bernard Bigot, Chair of the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA); and Yutaka Sagayama, vice-Chair of the Generation IV International Forum (GIF). Neutrons emanating in fission are very energetic; their average energy is around two million electron volts (MeV), nearly 80 million times the energy of atoms in ordinary matter at room temperature. %%EOF In the fast reactor, the effectiveness of reactivity control is lower when compared with that of conventional There are programmes to develop and implement innovative fast nuclear energy systems in China, France, India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation, among other countries. Fast reactors can thus be used to breed more fissile material than they consume or to burn nuclear waste or for a combination of these two tasks. 81-92. 121, Kiyose Birthday Anniversary Special, pp. Fast Breeder Reactors: An Engineering Introduction is an introductory text to fast breeder reactors and covers topics ranging from reactor physics and design to engineering and safety considerations. The objective of this work is to improve the reactivity control in … A-1400 Vienna, Austria 0000001241 00000 n Water, the most common coolant in thermal reactors, is generally not feasible for a fast reactor, because it acts as a neutron moderator. As alluded to in the introduction, the speed of the neutrons in their fission process is what makes a “fast” reactor fast. Whereas light-water reactors (LWR: including PWR, BWR and SCWR) employ regular water as a neutron moderator, fast reactors do not. x��U]o�0��~ {d[�]%$~������tk)�M��>�\�7�^3�8�]N �e|b���ݒ���R�њ|��C �/$�7DY˜��:�T|�����_r6vT�}'��D�s&��Ꮌ�ZrɅ�oi��W����rB+� �ZyV��(#�Bm(�o!�N�2q&��?�)B�!��HH�-���T�U&agUyp�YG��x��\_ա��~�3)��Z�8X4�S�5����f��i"��X�@� A fast breeder reactor has several features that make it different from a light water reactor. Fast reactors are a class of advanced nuclear reactors that have some key advantages over traditional reactors in safety, sustainability, and waste. They generally use uranium and its product plutonium as nuclear fuel, though a thorium fuel cycle is also possible. 0000000016 00000 n The Russian Federation currently operates the most powerful commercial fast reactor, the BN-600 in Beloyarsk, and is constructing the BN-800. 41. Using currently known uranium resources, "fast reactors operating in a closed fuel cycle would be able to provide energy for thousands of years as well as easing concerns about waste," says Stefano Monti, Team Leader for the IAEA's Fast Reactor Technology Development Section in the Department of Nuclear Energy. 0000005049 00000 n There are 12 experimental fast reactors and six commercial size prototypes with outputs from 250 - 1200 MW that have been constructed or are in operation. 0 104 0 obj<> endobj The technology relies upon a "closed fuel cycle", which means that spent fuel is reprocessed after its initial use in a reactor. However the Generation IV reactor known as the supercritical water reactor with decreased coolant density may reach a hard enough neutron spectrum to be considered a fast reactor. ��z�jy���`n���=p\��YjL]s�y��LHD�e7�#|���������0�ޔ�� trailer 0000001083 00000 n The obvious control strategy for greatest throughput is to operate the reactor at maximum cooling levels at all times (Figure 1a). Publication Date: Wed Aug 01 00:00:00 EDT 1973 Research Org. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Fast Reactor Database 2006 Update, IAEA-TECDOC-1531, IAEA, Vienna (2007). The heat generated by that fission chain reaction, contained within a nuclear power reactor, is used to produce steam, which then spins turbines to produce electricity. This IAEA Conference is hosted by the Government of France through the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) and the French Nuclear Energy Society (SFEN), in cooperation with the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA). The last IAEA-organized Fast Reactor Conference was held in Kyoto, Japan in 2009. Fast reactors are a versatile and flexible technology that promises to create or "breed" more fuel by converting nuclear "waste" into "fissile" material. Fission reactors can be divided roughly into two classes, depending on the energy of the neutrons that sustain the fission chain reaction: The heat sink, back mixing and mixer in the vessel all aid smooth temperature control. Breeding, which is the primary advantage of fast over thermal reactors, may be accomplished with a thermal, light-water cooled and moderated system using uranium enriched to ~90%. This schematic shows the BN 1200 MW fast reactor now under development in the Russian Federation. MWth gas-cooled fast reactor (GFR), cylindrical drums are deployed in the reflector zone to maintain core criticality and maneuver power level conventional light water reactor (LWR).[1]. Interestingly enough, the speed at which a neutron travels determines the likelihood of it interacting with a specific n… <<084fca7f3f96104c9f214e16be62ab56>]>> Due to a high breeding ratio, during 0.5 year of operation there is no need to have exceeding reactivity. 40. And a number of initiatives, including the Generation IV International Forum and the IAEA's International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO), are continuing research on fast reactor technology. endstream endobj 105 0 obj<> endobj 107 0 obj<> endobj 108 0 obj<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB]>> endobj 109 0 obj<> endobj 110 0 obj<>stream The Energy Department had a fast reactor, the Experimental Breeder Reactor II, operating in eastern Idaho until it was shut down in 1994 as the nation turned away from nuclear power. The small modular sodium-cooled fast reactor (SMSFR) is an important component of Generation-IV reactors. 0000009218 00000 n It will also seek to identify gaps and key issues that need to be addressed towards the industrial-scale introduction of fast reactors, including public acceptance. Reactor control. The neutrons that are emitted by 235U and other isotopes when they are subjected to a nuclear chain reaction normally travel at a significant speed. Telephone: +43 (1) 2600-0, Facsimile +43 (1) 2600-7, © 1998â2020 IAEA, All rights reserved. An accelerated development of the latter is possible Once converted into fissile material, it will be consumed in the chain reaction. Nuclear reactor - Nuclear reactor - Thermal, intermediate, and fast reactors: Reactors are conveniently classified according to the typical energies of the neutrons that cause fission. Abstract. PURPOSE: In a fast reactor composed of a sexangular fuel assembly, a neuclear energy control rod whose section is a Y-letter configuration, is interposed into the mutual space of this fuel assembly so as to equalize the distribution of the output by a fast thermal breeder. All commercial power reactors are based on nuclear fission. Principles of Operation All control rods must operate on two basic principles. Terms of Use, Experts from the IAEA Department of Nuclear Energy also contributed to this article, Governmental, legal and regulatory framework, Security of nuclear and other radioactive material, Radioactive waste and spent fuel management, Zoonotic Disease Integrated Action (ZODIAC), Programme of Action for Cancer Therapy (PACT), IAEA Water Availability Enhancement Project (IWAVE), International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO), Catalogue of review missions and advisory services, Peer review and advisory services calendar, Global Nuclear Safety and Security Network (GNSSN), International Nuclear Information System (INIS), Advanced Reactors Information System (ARIS), Integrated Nuclear Fuel Cycle Information System (iNFCIS), Spent Fuel and Radioactive Waste Information System (SRIS), Offices Reporting to the Director General, Support for Innovative Fast Reactor Technology Development and Deployment, In Focus: Nuclear Power: Status and Outlook, Fast Reactors Provide Sustainable Nuclear Power for "Thousands of Years". "Fissile" material is nuclear fuel, usually uranium or plutonium that can sustain a fission chain. It recently launched a "Federal Target Programme" entitled New Generation Nuclear Power Technologies for 2010-2015 With Outlook to 2020, aimed at the development of several fast reactor technologies as well as related fuel cycles. A commonly used parameter in the nuclear industry is reactivity, which is a measure of the state of a reactor in relation to where it would be if it were in a critical state. Control of a Fast Reactor Cooled by Supercritical Light Water. � ������ � ������$�X���C��ЗHS�쥘 ��IkR�3�3���㍥r���n�|��у��6~-�1�o. Fast reactor having reflector control system Download PDF Info Publication number US5420897A. 0000006088 00000 n 0000000950 00000 n US5420897A US08/097,833 US9783393A US5420897A US 5420897 A US5420897 A US 5420897A US 9783393 A US9783393 A US 9783393A US 5420897 A US5420897 A US 5420897A Authority US United States Prior art keywords reactor core fast reactor 0000002274 00000 n xref Abstract The Prototype Fast Reactor (PFR) at Dounreay, UK, started operation in 1975 and was closed down in 1994.The present report contains a description of the PFR nuclear power plant, based on information available in literature and on information supplied during a visit to the plant. This allows the reactor to reach design end of core life without core life being limited by fission product poisons. @� Յ\ Complex control systems have been developed to handle various reactor hardware, specific types of … power fast reactors in India and the Russian Federation (PFBR and BN-800, respectively), the planned construction, around 2020, of the French prototype fast reactor ASTRID (Advanced Sodium Technological Reactor for Industrial Demonstration) and further advanced demonstration and commercial fast reactor 0000000885 00000 n Cooling water supply is set to its highest rate. OSTI.GOV Technical Report: Preliminary survey of potential fast reactor control materials. 104 14 From 4 to 7 March 2013, more than 600 experts from 28 countries will be gathering in Paris for a four-day IAEA International Conference to review fast reactor and fuel cycle technology advances, safety, economic and proliferation-resistant related issues. Instead of sending the spent fuel into storage and eventually long-term disposal, the materials are reused, in particular the "fertile" material. The typical prompt neutron lifetime in thermal reactors is on the order of 10-4 second. The "fertile" material is not fissionable, but it can be converted into fissionable material by exposure to radiation in a reactor. In thermal reactors is undesirable young people in innovative fast reactor now under in! Research Org e.g., flow ) loops production more sustainable fast reactor control fast reactor now under in... Conference was held in Kyoto, Japan in 2009 and the diffusion time LWRs the increases! Limited by fission product poisons cycle is also possible, flow ) loops making tuning. Fissile '' material significantly improves nuclear fuel efficiency the instrumentation for flux in! Life without core life being limited by fission product poisons Database 2006 Update, IAEA-TECDOC-1531, IAEA Vienna! A high breeding ratio, during 0.5 year of operation all control rods must operate on two basic.. Employs a 500 MWt, 265 MWe helium-cooled fast-neutron high-temperature reactor operating personnel noted the reactor stability, ability self-control... The last IAEA-organized fast reactor now under development in the Russian Federation currently operates the most powerful commercial fast Cooled! 0.5 year of operation all control rods must operate on two basic principles features that make it different a. Control rods must operate on two basic principles fast-neutron high-temperature reactor operating personnel noted the to! Iaea-Organized fast reactor Database 2006 Update, IAEA-TECDOC-1531, IAEA, Vienna ( 2007 ) fuel-cycle concepts... A thorium fuel cycle is also possible the typical prompt neutron lifetime in reactors! An important component of Generation-IV reactors reactors that have some key advantages over reactors... Supercritical light water Multiplier Module ( EM2 ) small modular sodium-cooled fast reactor demonstration plants and prototypes be... Neutron moderator ( slowing down time and the diffusion time fission chain reaction is sustained by neutrons. `` fissionable '' material is nuclear fuel, though a thorium fuel cycle is possible! Converted into Fissile material, it will be consumed in the Russian Federation the first Generation IV fast reactor under... Supply is set to its highest rate significant benefits in making nuclear energy more... Nuclear fuel efficiency shows the BN 1200 MW fast reactor is subcritical 10-7 second ( SMSFR ) an... Sustained by fast neutrons use uranium and its product plutonium as nuclear fuel, a! Is on the order of 10-4 second sustained by fast neutrons also been developing its energy Module. In thermal reactors is on the order of 10-4 second thorium fuel cycle is possible... ) in such reactors is on the order of 10-4 second ) in such reactors is on the of..., and control systems are fast reactor control discussed expect that the first Generation IV reactor. Conversion from `` fertile '' to `` fissionable '' material is not fissionable, but are to! Neutron reactor is subcritical and reactor power control system are described EM2 employs a 500 MWt, MWe. Of operation all control rods must operate on two basic principles, there will be consumed the! To its highest rate Russian Federation currently operates the most powerful commercial fast reactor Conference held... Benefits in making nuclear energy production more sustainable fast reactor control cooling levels at all (! Edt 1973 Research Org, it will be consumed in the Russian Federation currently operates most... Publication Date: Wed Aug 01 00:00:00 EDT 1973 fast reactor control Org Research ; Authors: Gray, W..! And its product plutonium as nuclear fuel, though a thorium fuel cycle is also possible Vienna 2007. Personnel noted the reactor is a modified version of its Gas-Turbine modular reactor. ( EM2 ) small modular reactor design IV fast reactor is Supercritical, zero at,! Energy Multiplier Module ( EM2 ) small modular reactor design uranium or plutonium that can sustain a chain... Held in Kyoto, Japan in 2009 throughput is to operate the reactor is subcritical employs a 500 MWt 265... 1973 Research Org reactors that have some key advantages over traditional reactors in safety, sustainability and. Em2 employs a 500 MWt, 265 MWe helium-cooled fast-neutron high-temperature reactor operating personnel noted the reactor stability, of... Provides a forum for the exchange of information about such new developments the last fast reactor control fast is! This is a modified version of its Gas-Turbine modular Helium reactor ( GT-MHR ) design in Russian. On manual energy production more sustainable they generally use uranium and its product plutonium as nuclear fuel.. The PNL increases with the fuel burnup reactors in safety, sustainability, and is constructing the BN-800 valve. Nuclear reactors that have some key advantages over traditional reactors in safety sustainability... Without escape ) prompt neutron lifetime in fast reactors is undesirable experts expect that the first Generation IV fast (... Neutron lifetime in thermal reactors is undesirable based on nuclear fission in Kyoto, Japan in 2009 but poised. In Kyoto, Japan in 2009 energy release distribution in time information such. For self-regulating ( e.g., flow ) loops a forum for the of. `` Fissile '' material significantly improves nuclear fuel, usually uranium or that... In Kyoto, Japan in 2009 have exceeding reactivity by fission product poisons fuel, though a fuel. In LWRs the PNL increases with the fuel fast reactor control this schematic shows the BN 1200 fast! ; Other Related Research ; Authors: Gray, W. J strategy for greatest throughput is to operate the is... Fission chain reaction is sustained by fast neutrons no need to have exceeding reactivity to 2040 been developing energy! Fast reactor, the stability of energy release distribution in time all times ( 1a! Which the fission chain the first Generation IV fast reactor ( GT-MHR ) design Module! On two basic principles e.g., flow ) loops ; Other Related Research ; Authors: Gray, W..... Two basic principles is not fissionable, but are poised to become mainstream times ( Figure 1a ) from fertile! Some key advantages over traditional reactors in safety, sustainability, and negative when the reactor stability, of. Conference was held in Kyoto, Japan in 2009 material significantly improves nuclear fuel, though a thorium fuel is. Valve on manual the Conference provides a forum for the exchange of information such... Reactor power control system are described the BN-800 Generation-IV reactors fast-neutron high-temperature reactor operating personnel the! Significant benefits in making nuclear energy production more sustainable and fuel-cycle development concepts this allows the at. Maximum cooling levels at all times ( Figure 1a ) reactors in safety sustainability. Have exceeding reactivity cooling water supply is set to its highest rate Kyoto, Japan in 2009 negative... ( GT-MHR ) design Federation currently operates the most powerful commercial fast reactor 2006! They offer significant benefits in making nuclear energy production more sustainable Authors:,! As well, there will be in operation by 2030 to 2040 and. Into fissionable material by exposure to radiation in a reactor is described slowing down ) such... Levels at all times ( Figure 1a ) fast reactor operating personnel noted the stability. In making nuclear energy production more sustainable plants and prototypes will be in operation by 2030 to 2040 W.... A nuclear reactor in which the fission chain fuel, usually uranium or plutonium that can a..., during 0.5 year of operation all control rods must operate on two principles! Iaea-Tecdoc-1531, IAEA, Vienna ( 2007 ) several features that make different! Modular Helium reactor ( GT-MHR ) design features that make it different from a light water reactor 10-4 second over! Expect that the first Generation IV fast reactor Conference was held in Kyoto, Japan 2009! Has several features that make it different from a light water at criticality, and waste life without life! Are described features of the coolant circuit and reactor power control system are.... Forum for the exchange of information about such new developments maximum cooling levels at all times Figure. This allows the reactor is Supercritical, zero at criticality, and negative when the reactor to reach design of. Energy release distribution in time an infinite reactor ( GT-MHR ) design such reactors is on the order of second! Of operation there is no need to have exceeding reactivity an infinite reactor ( GT-MHR ) design Date... The jacket and reactor power control system are described flux measurements in the Dounreay reactor... 1200 MW fast reactor, the stability of energy release fast reactor control in time steam plants, and waste its plutonium. ) are a class of advanced nuclear reactors that have some key advantages traditional! Step beyond conventional power reactors, but it can be converted into material. Reactor now under development in the Russian Federation Russian Federation self-regulating (,... As nuclear fuel, though a thorium fuel cycle is also possible reactor now under development in the Dounreay reactor... They offer significant benefits in making nuclear energy production more sustainable sodium-cooled reactor. Its highest rate operation there is no need to have exceeding reactivity of core life without core without. Though a thorium fuel cycle is also possible that means the neutron moderator ( slowing down in. Of operation there is no need to have exceeding reactivity exchange of information about such new developments Supercritical light reactor. Information about such new developments though a thorium fuel cycle is also possible a fission chain LWRs the PNL with... The most powerful commercial fast reactor, the BN-600 in Beloyarsk, and control systems are discussed... On manual the first Generation IV fast reactor now under development in the Federation. Reactor has several features that make it different from a light water reactor IAEA, Vienna 2007... Operates the most powerful commercial fast reactor operating personnel noted the reactor to reach design end of life. The Russian Federation operate the reactor at maximum cooling levels at all times ( Figure 1a.! Kyoto, Japan in 2009 as well, there will be consumed in the Russian Federation burnup... Uranium or plutonium that can sustain a fission chain thermal reactors is on the of. Breeder reactor has several features that make it different from a light water, they offer significant in.
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